{"id":26292,"date":"2020-12-13T21:51:58","date_gmt":"2020-12-14T03:51:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/goldenti.com\/site\/?p=26292"},"modified":"2020-12-13T21:52:01","modified_gmt":"2020-12-14T03:52:01","slug":"la-ia-abre-la-puerta-al-desarrollo-de-impresoras-3d-moleculares","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/goldenti.com\/site\/la-ia-abre-la-puerta-al-desarrollo-de-impresoras-3d-moleculares\/","title":{"rendered":"La IA abre la puerta al desarrollo de impresoras 3D moleculares"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-background has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color\"><strong>Vali\u00e9ndose de un microscopio de efecto t\u00fanel, la tecnolog\u00eda aprende a \u201cagarrar\u201d y mover mol\u00e9culas individuales con infinitas posibilidades.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"443\" src=\"https:\/\/goldenti.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/imagen-54-1024x443.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/goldenti.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/imagen-54-1024x443.png 1024w, https:\/\/goldenti.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/imagen-54-300x130.png 300w, https:\/\/goldenti.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/imagen-54-768x332.png 768w, https:\/\/goldenti.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/imagen-54-1536x664.png 1536w, https:\/\/goldenti.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/imagen-54.png 1691w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Levantar un muro con ladrillos, si bien requiere cierta ma\u00f1a, es una tarea relativamente sencilla. Ladrillos, cemento y una paleta son pr\u00e1cticamente los \u00fanicos elementos necesarios. Es m\u00e1s, en ese terreno ya empiezan a aparecer tecnolog\u00edas rob\u00f3ticas capaces de levantar estructuras por s\u00ed solas.\u00a0 Sin embargo, en el mundo microsc\u00f3pico, los \u201cladrillos\u201d que componen la materia, esto es, los \u00e1tomos y las mol\u00e9culas, muestran un comportamiento mucho m\u00e1s imprevisible. Uno de los grandes logros en las \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas ha sido el uso de los llamados microscopios de efecto t\u00fanel, que permiten manejar \u00e1tomos y mol\u00e9culas a nanoescala. El problema es que hasta ahora ese proceso deb\u00eda llevarse a cabo manualmente, por medio de un proceso de ensayo y error. Esto se debe a que el comportamiento en esas escalas es extremadamente complejo. As\u00ed, el operario del microscopio deb\u00eda adherir la mol\u00e9cula al cono del microscopio y luego desplazarla pr\u00e1cticamente como en esas atracciones de feria donde se recoge un oso de peluche con una garra mec\u00e1nica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Por suerte, en el Instituto de Nanociencia Cu\u00e1ntica de J\u00fclich en Alemania han desarrollado una t\u00e9cnica que permite identificar patrones y variaciones a escala molecular. La clave est\u00e1 en el uso de la inteligencia artificial y el aprendizaje de m\u00e1quinas. Concretamente, una subdisciplina conocida como aprendizaje de refuerzo, que penaliza el error y premia el acierto. Es la misma tecnolog\u00eda que permiti\u00f3 al AlphaGo Zero de Google ganar por primera vez a un humano en el milenario juego asi\u00e1tico del Go.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.imnovation-hub.com\/media\/5096234\/nanoconstruction-interior.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Un aprendizaje de reglas cambiantes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>En el caso del centro de investigaci\u00f3n alem\u00e1n, utilizaron este sistema de IA para retirar mol\u00e9culas integradas en una compleja red de enlaces qu\u00edmicos. Se trataba de perilenos, unas mol\u00e9culas empleadas en la fabricaci\u00f3n de tintas y diodos OLED para pantallas de televisi\u00f3n y m\u00f3viles. Seg\u00fan cuentan los investigadores, el reto resid\u00eda en que la fuerza con que se atrae la mol\u00e9cula a la punta del microscopio no puede superar la del enlace qu\u00edmico, ya que este se romper\u00eda. Los cient\u00edficos tuvieron que determinar de forma manual un movimiento que respetara la integridad del enlace. En cambio, el sistema de IA fue practicando una y otra vez hasta aprender los movimientos \u00f3ptimos. Dicho as\u00ed, parece relativamente sencillo. El problema es que los \u00e1tomos que componen la punta del microscopio tambi\u00e9n pueden desplazarse levemente, lo que altera progresivamente el nivel de fuerza que hay que aplicar. Un poco como si se cambiaran las reglas a mitad del partido.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Los cient\u00edficos han acelerado el proceso de aprendizaje utilizando un simulador simplificado en paralelo al proceso de manipulaci\u00f3n f\u00edsica de las mol\u00e9culas. Seg\u00fan los desarrolladores del software, esta es la primera vez que han logrado aunar nanotecnolog\u00eda e inteligencia artificial. Ahora, seg\u00fan explican, se abre la puerta a la impresi\u00f3n 3D de estructuras supramoleculares funcionales, lo que permitir\u00e1 fabricar transistores moleculares o c\u00fabits, el andamiaje de la computaci\u00f3n cu\u00e1ntica. En definitiva, puede que estemos ante los primeros compases de una nueva era de alba\u00f1iler\u00eda molecular. \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Fuente: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fz-juelich.de\/SharedDocs\/Pressemitteilungen\/UK\/EN\/2020\/2020-09-03-ki-stm-en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Science Daily<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vali\u00e9ndose de un microscopio de efecto t\u00fanel, la tecnolog\u00eda aprende a \u201cagarrar\u201d y mover mol\u00e9culas individuales [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":26294,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-26292","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-noticas"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the 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